曱甴 2007-10-24 21:45
英语翻译中的词汇辨析
下面的内容虽然与帖子的名称不太相符，但是作为构成句式的基本单元—词汇，也是不容忽视的啊。
学习过程中收集、整理了不少令我疑惑的词汇（词组），曾经在OE网站张贴，现把精华部分粘贴于此，希望大家对我的理解提出批评和指正。
[b]“闪光”之说：
[/b]
1、shine: 照耀，指光稳定发射；
2、glitter: 闪光，指光不稳定发射；
3、glare: 耀眼，表示光的强度最大；
4、sparkle:闪烁，指发射微细的光度。
[b]“打破”之说：
[/b]
1、break: 一般用语，经打击或施加压力而破碎；
2、crack:出现了裂缝，但还没有变成碎片；
3、crush: 指从外面用力向内或从上向下压而致碎；
4、demolish: 破坏，铲平或削平（如土壤，建筑物，城堡等）；
5、destroy: 在肉体上、精神上或道义上彻底摧毁，使之无法复原；
6、shatter:突然使一个物体粉碎；
7、smash: 指由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底粉碎。
[b] 有关“死”之说：
[/b]
1、去世，与世长辞：to pass away;
2、寿终： to close (end) one's day;
3、咽气，断气： to breathe one's last;
4、归西： to go west;
5、了解尘缘： to pay the debt of nature;
6、命归黄泉： to depart to the world of shadows;
7、见阎王： to give up the gost;
8、翘辫子： to kick the bucket;
9、蹬腿： to kick up one's heels;
10、不吃饭： to lay down one's knife and fork.
[b] 有关“怀孕”（pregnant）之说：
[/b]
1、she is having baby;
2、she is expecting;
3、she is in a family way;
4、she is in a deliacate condition;
5、she is in an interesting condition;
6、she is knitting little booties.
[b] “broken”涵义种种：[/b]
1、a broken man: 一个绝望的人；
2、a broken soldier: 一个残废的军人；
3、broken money: 零花钱；
4、a broken promise: 背弃的诺言；
5、broken English: 蹩脚的英语；
6、a broken spirit: 消沉的意志；
7、a broken heart: 破碎的心。
[b] 准确理解“kill”（后面附词义）:
[/b]
1、he killed the man.杀；
2、he killed the dog,宰；
3、he killed time down at the park,消磨；
4、he killed his chance of success,断送；
5、he killed the motion when it came from the committee,否决；
6、he killed himself by overwork,致死；
7、he killed the spirit of the group,抹杀；
8、he killed three bottles of whiskey in a week,喝光；
9、kill the peace,扼杀；
10、kill the friendship,终止；
11、kill a marriage,解除。
[b] “声誉”种种：
[/b]
1、fame:褒义，指关于一个人的人格、行为、才能等方面的优点；
2、reputation和repute差不多，可褒义可贬义，指对人或物的评价、看法，词义较窄；
3、distinction，褒义，指因职衔、地位或人格所造成的，通常包含“优越于人，与众不同”；
4、renown，褒义，指显赫的声誉或应该得到的荣誉；
5、notoriety，贬义，与fame相对应。
[b] “空空如也”：
[/b]
1、hollow，表示“空洞的，虚的，不实的，下陷的‘，可以和tree, voice, sound, cheeks等连用；
2、vacant，表示”没人占用的，出缺的“，常和position, room, house, seat等连用；
3、empty，表示”空的，一无所有的“，可以和house, room, cup, box, stomatch, head, words等连用.
[b] 你能理解”or“吗？
[/b]
1、连接两个对等的事物或人，可译为”或“，”或者“；
2、前后为同一个事物时，应译为”即“，”或称“，”或作“
The exact mechanism of Yutin, or vitamin P as is sometimes called, on the capillary wall is not understood.
附译文：路丁，即有时所称的维生素P，其对毛细血管壁的确切作用（机理）还不了解。
3、连接两组数字，代表不同单位的同一数量时，一般译为”合“，”等于“；
Normal temperature in man is 98.6F or 37C(遗憾的时表温度上标我不会)。
4、从or中导致方面结果时，应译为”否则“；
Hurry up, or you will be late.
5、”or so “左右；"or more"以上；"or rather"甚至
[b] "general"涵义种种：
[/b]
1、全身麻醉 general anesthesia
2、普查，集体检查 general check-up
3、一般健康情况 general health condition
4、综合性医院 general hospital
5、总路线 genegral line
6、大纲 general outline
7、弥漫性腹膜炎 general peritonitis
8、普通医师 general practitioner
9、总查（病）房 general purpose
10、[url=http://search.china.alibaba.com/selloffer/秘书.html]秘书[/url]长 general secretary
[b] 你能“定”下来吗？
[/b]
1、set a date: 决定日期
2、set an example：树立榜样
3、set fruit：结果子
4、set a fire： 点火
5、set a severed limb：断肢再接
6、set sail：开航，起航
7、set the camera lens：调整（相机）镜头
8、set a pen to paper:：动笔，下笔
9、set a new task：提出新任务
10、set down all items：记下所有项目
11、set oneself to learn from：决心向。。。学习
[b] 你知道这有多“重”？
[/b]
1、heavy applause：热烈的鼓掌
2、heavy gait：沉重的步态
3、heavy chemicals大量生产的化学药品
4、heavy sea 波涛汹涌的海面
5、heavy sleep：熟睡
6、heavy smoker：烟瘾大的人
7、heavy current：强电流
8、heavy eater：食量大的人
9、heavy task：繁重的任务
10、heavy food：油腻而难消化的食物
11、heavy traffic:拥挤的交通
12、heavy weather：恶劣的天气
13、heavy road：泥泞的路
14、heavy rain：大雨
15、heavy clouds：厚云
16、heavy crops：丰收
17、heavy frost：浓霜
18、heavy wine：烈酒
19、heavy news：悲痛的消息
20、heavy heart：忧愁的心
21、heavy fire：猛烈的炮火
22、heavy bread：没有发酵好的面包
23、heavy wire：粗线
24、heavy load：重载
25、heavy storm：暴风雨
26、heavy reader:沉闷冗长的读物
[b] “强度”怎么说？
[/b]
1、intensity:指强烈的程度，多用于磁、电、热、光、声、火、劳动等抽象或非（易于触摸到的）实体。
例：colour intensity intensity of light
2、strength:指坚强的程度，用于可触摸到的具体实物抗拒能力的大小。
strength of cement(水泥标号) engine strength
working strength
[b] 你打牢“基础”了吗？
[/b]
1、base：指有形、具体的基础、基地。
base line 基线 base plate 底座
cotton base 产棉区 data base 数据库
paint base 底漆 raw material base 原料基地
2、basic：基本的，碱性的
basic Bessemer steel 底吹碱性转炉钢
basic hole 基孔 basic industry 基础工业
basic material 碱性材料
3、basis：无形、抽象的基础、根据
econimic basis 经济基础
hole basis 基孔制
scientific basis 科学根据
4、foundation：指大厦建筑物的地基，引申为“根据”
foundation bolt 地脚螺栓
material foundation of society社会物质基础
reinforced concrete foundation钢筋混凝土基础
The rumour has no foundation这传闻毫无根据
曱甴 2007-10-24 21:46
[b]你了解这些“组织”吗？
[/b] 1、construction：指“构造”（将零部件装配，组合在一起成为整体的方式）；“结构”（各组成部分的搭配和排列，建筑物上承担重力部分的构造）
aircraft construction飞机构造
welded construction焊接结构
This machine is simple in construction这种机器构造简单
body construction车身（机身、弹体）构造
capital construction基本建设
physical construction机械构造
prefabricated construction预制构造
ships of similiar construction结构类似的船
2、structure：“结构、组织”
age structure年龄构成
atomic structure原子结构
steel stucture钢结构
shell stucture薄层结构
brick stucture砖建筑物
geological stucture地质构造
market stucture市场结构
microscopic stucture显微组织
The human body is a wonderful stucture人体是个奇妙的构造物
the stucture of a plant一种植物的构造
[b] "charge"涵义知多少？
[/b]
1、费用：service charge服务费；
2、责任：in charge of 负责；
3、装料：furnace charge炉料；
4、电荷：induced charge感应电荷；
5、装药：shaped charge锥孔炸药
[b] 再解“develop”
[/b] 1、发展：
agriculture develpopment
social development
industrial develpopment
development in foreign affairs
2、开发
water-power development
oil-field development
development of natural resouerces
interllectual development
3、研制
advanced development远景产品研制，样机试制
under development
engineering development
operatinal development产品改进性研制
exploratory development探索性研制
4、开拓
ore development
lateral development水平开拓
5、展开（用于数学）
series development级数展开
development of function函数的展开
6、显影
chemical development化学显影
over development显影过度
time development定时显影
The shade meaning of "power":
【数学】乘方、幂
The sixth power of two is sixty-four.
【力学】
力：horse power
功率：rated power额定功率
【电学】
电力：power network
电源：power switch
功率：power export
【化学】
能：chemical power
本领：catalytic power催化本领
化合价：Aluminium has a conmbining power of three.
【机械】
动力：power shaft传动轴
力：brake power
【社会】
力量：knowlege is power
权力：politica power
强国：superpower
The shade meaning of "system":
【机电】
系统：electric light system电照明系统
lubricating system润滑系统
电力网：system fault电力网故障
装置：tierod-crank system连杆曲柄装置
top charging system炉顶装料装置
设备：loading system转载设备
制：basic hole(shaft) system基孔（轴）制
【数学】组：system of equations
【力学】系：system of forces
【化学】法：acid system酸法
【社会】
体系：industrial system
制度：social system
方法：a new system of teaching foreign language
The shade meaning of "work":
工作：work experience
工件：stamp work模锻工件
工厂： NO.1 Motor Vehical Works
工事：defence works
著作：new works on acupuncture针刺疗法新书
功：mechanical work
运转：The machine works well.
加工：The wood works easily.
起作用：The medicine works.
造成：work wonders(miracles)创造奇迹
The shade meaning of "sound":
【声音】sound wave
【听起来】The plan sounds reasonable.
【发音】sound every syllable!每个音节都要发音。
The ship moved slowly forward sounding as she went.航船慢速前进，一路锤测水深。
【完好的】sound metal优质金属
【牢固的】sound casting 坚实的铸件
The sahde meaning of "sound":
【圆的】round plate
【整的】a round ton
【环形】a round trip往还一次
【圆角】fillet and round内圆角和外圆角
【弹】guided round (missile)导弹
【围绕】The moon moves round the earth.
【到处】show sb round
【使圆】round the corners
【舍入】3.14159 rounded to four decimals becomes 3.1416
"废物"之说：
1、litter：并不是真正意义上的废物，而是用后散置的“杂物”，相当于odds and ends，或索性说是残余物（leavings）
Always pick up your litter after a picnic.
2、waste：真正的废物，美国人常用trash,此字还有“残屑”、或“垃圾”之意。
垃圾篓美国人用trash can；英国用dustbin.美国人把南方的穷苦白人叫the (poor) white trash;可见，此词又可作“无价值的人或物”解释。
That book is mere trash.
3、rubbish：范围广，真正的废物。也可表惊叹“Rubbish(胡说！)”
英国人常说：That book is all rubbish.
4、厨房残屑:kitchen refuse或refuse：此词做废物或无用之物讲，但一般指固体废物，不指可排泄的垃圾。
5、到垃圾的地方：a dumping ground; a dumping-place for rubbish; a rubbish dump.
6、junk:垃圾、废物。原意是“破烂货”。
His writing is all junk.
7、废人、社会渣滓：human waste; debris; dregs of population; off-scourings of humanity; dross of mankind; hobo
He is now a "has-been"(他现成了废物)＝He outlived his usefulness.
Commitment译法:
动词commit在字典中涵义：
1、 犯、行、作：commit a crime; commit a blunder; commit murder; commit suicide
2、 委托、付诸：commit some funds to the care of trustees(委托资金与保管委员会)；commit a bill(议会将议案交付委员审查)；commit thoughts to writing(将想法写出来)；commit something to memory(暗记某事)；
3、 承担：If you agreed to give a number of lectures, help to pay your brother’s school expenses, and give $ 500 a year for clothes, you have quite a lot of commitments.
4、 (束缚身体之意转为)牵累，陷入，献身：Do not commit yourself(勿自限累)；commit oneself to a promise;
例析：
1、 In the last decade, however, we have sought to fulfill the goal with greater zeal, greater commitment, and greater success than at any period in our history.
在过去十年中，我们比历史上任何时期都力求更加热心地、更加献身地、更加成功地来达到这个目标(献身)。
2、（李光耀对新加坡人的定义）A Singaporean is a person who feels committed to upholding society as it is—multi-racial, tolerant, accommodating, forward-looking---and who is prepared to stake his life for the community.
一个新加坡人就是一个对现存的多元种族、容忍互助而又高瞻远瞩的社会，以献身精神来支持它，并装备为它付出生命的人（献身的）。
3、I believe that both candidates should make it absolutely clear that they share a basic commitment to the success of the negotiations now taking place in Paris.
我相信两党的总统候选人，都应绝对明确地表示，他们对于促成现在巴黎举行的商谈成功，具有基本的言语约束（言约）。
4、 he second imperative of our policy for peace is that we must meet our commitment and keep our promises to use our strength to oppose aggression.
我们和平政策的第二条诫命，就是我们必须尽我们的义务，守住我们的诺言，竭尽所能，反抗侵略(诺言)。
5、 Vietnam may be a bitter hoax or it may be a major commitment in the defense of freedom, but it will go away because we yell “foul”; it will not fade because we blow retreat.
越南可能是一种痛苦的玩笑，也可能是在保卫自由中的一个大的牵累，它不会因为我们大叫讨厌而走开，也不会因为我们鸣金收兵而消失（牵累）
6、 The report said that new commitments of US$50.7 million during fiscal year 1968 raised total investments of the International Finance Corporation in private enterprises in its member countries to US$271.8 million in 39 countries.
1968年[url=http://search.china.alibaba.com/selloffer/会计.html]会计[/url]年度新的投资计有5070万美元，使得国际[url=http://search.china.alibaba.com/selloffer/金融.html]金融[/url]公司在其他会员国的私人企业总投资，39个国家共达27180万美元（投资）。
7、 The Japanese have faithfully observed their commitments.日本人忠实地遵守了投降条件（条件）。
其他：
an all-around commitment（全面的约束）
to give a precipitate commitment(给以轻率的
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综合保险, 全程保险
曱甴 2007-10-24 21:46
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损失保险
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雇主责任保险; 职工伤害保险
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共同海损费用保险
general export insurance
普通输出保险
government employee insurance
公务人员保险
group insurance
团体保险
group life insurance
团体人身保险
guarantee insurance
保证保险, 盗窃意外保险
hail insurance
雹害保险
harvest insurance
收获保险
hazardous insurance
危险物品保险
health insurance
健康保险
hire purchase credit insurance
[url=http://search.china.alibaba.com/selloffer/租赁.html]租赁[/url]信用保险
homeowner's insurance
房主保险
hospitalization insurance
医疗保险
hull insurance
船舶保险, 运输工具保险
hypothecation insurance
抵押保险
imaginary profit insurance
预期利益保险
immovable insurance
不动产保险
inconvertibility insurance
国外投资本利不能兑换汇回保险
long life insurance
长寿保险
straight life insurance
终身保险
strike expenses insurance
罢工追加费用保险
subsidiary insurance
附属保险
supplementary insurance
追加保险
survivorship insurance
共有财产中归后死者所得的联合保险
term insurance
定期保险
theft insurance
盗窃保险
time insurance
定期保险
time hull insurance
船舶定期保险
title insurance
产权保证保险
insurance for adult
成人保险
insurance for medical care
医疗保险
insurance of export-import goods
进出口货物保险
insurance of valuables
贵重物品保险
insurance or guarantee of private loans
私人贷款保险或担保
“群”的表达
观众a crowd of spectators
一群人a crowd of people
一群人a throng of people
一群影迷a throng of film fans
一群女学生a group of girl students
一群旁观者a group of onlookers
一群欢迎者a troop of welcomers
一群示威者a troop of demonstrators
注：
CROWD：无组织或者无秩序的人群；
THRONG： 为数众多的挤在一处或向前涌去的群；
GROUP：有一定组织的；
TROOP：正常行进中的群
一群才子a galaxy of talents
一群美女a galaxy of beauties
一群匪徒a band of gangsters
一群劫匪a gang of robbers
一群建筑物a cluster of buildings
一群海岛a cluster of islands
注：
GALAXY：出色或著名的人物群；
BAND/GANG：有明显在轻蔑色彩，强盗、匪徒等的群（帮、伙）；
CLUSTER：集结物体的群（簇、堆）。
一群羊a flock of sheep
一群鸭a flock of ducks
一群牛a herd of cattle
一群马a herd of horses
一群豺狼a pack of wolves
一群猎犬a pack of hounds
一群猴子a host of monkeys
一群蜜蜂a swarm of bees
注：
FLOCK： 飞鸟家禽、牲畜等的群，尤指羊群；
HERD：大动物的群；
PACK：野兽、猎犬等的群
artee 2007-10-27 13:35
有关“怀孕”（pregnant）之说：
1、she is having baby;
2、she is expecting;
3、she is in a family way;
4、she is in a deliacate condition;
5、she is in an interesting condition;
6、she is knitting little booties.
Days ago, in the office next to mine, a girl told to a lady:" I am pregnant with an angel."
in fact people like to use pregnant very much when they talk having babies.